A growing body of research has systematically documented Chinese efforts to imprison, detain, and re-educate ethnic Uyghur and minority groups throughout its western Xinjiang province. In this three-part investigation, RAND researchers explore new data on nighttime lighting in Xinjiang to offer new, empirical insights into the coordinated campaign beginning in 2016 to construct the vast majority of Xinjiang’s detention facilities over a multi-year period through mid-2019.